Climatic and structural controls on Late-glacial and Holocene rockfall occurrence in high-elevated rock walls of the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps)     

Xavi Gallach  Julien Carcaillet  Ludovic Ravanel  Philip Deline  Christophe Ogier  Magali Rossi  Emmanuel Malet  David Garcia-Sellés 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3071-3091

In the Mont Blanc massif (European Western Alps), rockfalls are one of the main natural hazards for alpinists and infrastructure. Rockfall activity after the Little Ice Age is well documented. An increase in frequency during the last three decades is related to permafrost degradation caused by rising air temperatures. In order to understand whether climate exerts a long-term control on rockfall occurrence, a selection of paleo-rockfall scars was dated in the Glacier du Géant basin [>3200 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. Rockfall occurrence was compared to different climatic and glacial proxies. This study presents 55 new samples (including replicates) and 25 previously-published ages from nine sampling sites. In total, 62 dated rockfall events display ages ranging from 0.03 ± 0.02 ka to 88.40 ± 7.60 ka. Holocene ages and their uncertainties were used to perform a Kernel density function into a continuous dataset displaying rockfall probability per 100 years. Results highlight four Holocene periods of enhanced rockfall occurrence: (i) c. 7–5.7 ka, related to the Holocene Warm Periods; (ii) c. 4.5–4 ka, related to the Sub-boreal Warm Period; (iii) c. 2.3–1.6 ka, related to the Roman Warm Period; and (iv) c. 0.9–0.3 ka, related to the Medieval Warm Period and beginning of the Little Ice Age. Laser and photogrammetric three-dimensional (3D) models of the rock walls were produced to reconstruct the detached volumes from the best-preserved rockfall scars (≤0.91 ± 0.12 ka). A structural study was carried out at the scale of the Glacier du Géant basin using aerial photographs, and at the scale of four selected rock walls using the 3D models. Two main vertical and one horizontal fracture sets were identified. They correspond respectively to alpine shear zones and veins opened-up during long-term exhumation of the Mont Blanc massif. Our study confirms that climate primarily controls rockfall occurrence, and that structural settings, coincident at both the massif and the rock wall scales, control the rock-wall shapes as well as the geometry and volume of the rockfall events. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Late Quaternary climate and environmental change derived from glacial deposits in the Parlung Zangbo Valley,southeastern Tibetan Plateau     

Renrong Chen  Yingkui Li  Zhongping Lai  Xianjiao Ou  Xiaoyu Lu 《自然地理学》2020,41(2):99-125

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the late Quaternary climate and environmental characteristics of two tributary valleys (Xingmu and Depu Valleys) in the Parlung Zangbo Valley, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples collected from moraines at the mouth of Xingmu Valley produce a wide age range from 13.9 ka to 76 ka. The ages measured from the lenticular sand are consistent with the relative geomorphic sequence of the landforms. Lenticular sand layers below the moraine were dated to 37.9 ka and 44.7 ka, indicating that fluvial processes were likely dominant in the valley during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The outer moraine ridges at the valley mouth were formed during 13.9 ka and 26.5 ka, corresponding to MIS2. At Depu Valley, OSL samples from two sets of lateral and terminal moraines close to the modern glacier, provide ages from 1.4 ka to 29.2 ka. The paleosol layer widely developed during 2.6 cal ka BP and 8.7 cal ka BP in the study area, reflecting a relatively warm condition during the mid-Holocene.  相似文献   

First Multi‐Isotopic (Pb‐Nd‐Sr‐Zn‐Cu‐Fe) Characterisation of Dust Reference Materials (ATD and BCR‐723): A Multi‐Column Chromatographic Method Optimised to Trace Mineral and Anthropogenic Dust Sources     

Aubry Vanderstraeten  Steeve Bonneville  Stefania Gili  Jeroen de Jong  Wendy Debouge  Philippe Claeys  Nadine Mattielli 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):307-329

Atmospheric dust is an integral component of the Earth system with major implications for the climate, biosphere and public health. In this context, identifying and quantifying the provenance and the processes generating the various types of dust found in the atmosphere is paramount. Isotopic signatures of Pb, Nd, Sr, Zn, Cu and Fe are commonly used as sensitive geochemical tracers. However, their combined use is limited by the lack of (a) a dedicated chromatographic protocol to separate the six elements of interest for low‐mass samples and (b) specific reference materials for dust. Indeed, our work shows that USGS rock reference materials BHVO‐2, AGV‐2 and G‐2 are not applicable as substitute reference materials for dust. We characterised the isotopic signatures of these six elements in dust reference materials ATD and BCR‐723, representatives of natural and urban environments, respectively. To achieve this, we developed a specific procedure for dust, applicable in the 4–25 mg mass range, to separate the six elements using a multi‐column ion‐exchange chromatographic method and MC‐ICP‐MS measurements.  相似文献   

High-reliability zircon separation for hunting the oldest material on Earth: An automatic zircon separator with image-processing/microtweezers-manipulating system and double-step dating     

Yukio Isozaki  Shinji Yamamoto  Shuhei Sakata  Hideyuki Obayashi  Takafumi Hirata  Ken-ichi Obori  Toshinori Maebayashi  Satoshi Takeshima  Toshikazu Ebisuzaki  Shigenori Maruyama 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(4):1073-1083

Despite the recent development in radiometric dating of numerous zircons by LA-ICPMS, mineral separation still remains a major obstacle, particularly in the search for the oldest material on Earth. To improve the efficiency in zircon separation by an order of magnitude, we have designed/developed a new machine-an automatic zircon separator(AZS). This is designed particularly for automatic pick-up of100 μm-sized zircon grains out of a heavy mineral fraction after conventional separation procedures. The AZS operates in three modes:(1) image processing to choose targeted individual zircon grains out of all heavy minerals spread on a tray,(2) automatic capturing of the individual zircon grains with microtweezers, and(3) placing them one-by-one in a coordinated alignment on a receiving tray. The automatic capturing was designed/created for continuous mineral selecting without human presence for many hours. This software also enables the registration of each separated zircon grain for dating, by recording digital photo-image, optical(color) indices, and coordinates on a receiving tray. We developed two new approaches for the dating; i.e.(1) direct dating of zircons selected by LA-ICPMS without conventional resin-mounting/polishing,(2) high speed U-Pb dating, combined with conventional sample preparation procedures using the new equipment with multiple-ion counting detectors(LA-MIC-ICPMS).With the first approach, Pb-Pb ages obtained from the surface of a mineral were crosschecked with the interior of the same grain after resin-mounting/polishing. With the second approach, the amount of time required for dating one zircon grain is ca. 20 s, and a sample throughput of 150 grains per hour can be achieved with sufficient precision(ca. 0.5%).We tested the practical efficiency of the AZS, by analyzing an Archean Jack Hills conglomerate in Western Australia with the known oldest(4.3 Ga) zircon on Earth. Preliminary results are positive; we were able to obtain more than 194 zircons that are over 4.0 Ga out of ca. 3800 checked grains, and 9 grains were over 4300 Ma with the oldest at 4371 ± 7 Ma. This separation system by AZS, combined with the new approaches, guarantees much higher yield in the hunt for old zircons.  相似文献   

Early Cretaceous I-type granites in the Tengchong terrane:New constraints on the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of southwestern China     

Yi Fang  Yun-Hui Zhang  Shou-Ting Zhang  Hua-Wen Cao  Hao Zou  Jian-Hui Dong 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(2):459-470

  相似文献   

祁连山大通河河流阶地形成时代及地质意义          下载免费PDF全文

于航  步凡  胡道功  张绪教  杨金中 《中国地质调查》2018,5(3):43-48

祁连山是研究青藏高原隆升与构造变形的关键部位,其中大通河河流阶地是祁连山地区早更新世以来构造隆升和气候变化的载体,厘定大通河河流阶地的形成时代及地质意义对于分析祁连山地区的区域构造和气候环境改变具有重要意义。通过ESR测年技术,并对大通河流域江仓区域的剖面样品实测,获取岩层形成时代数据,分别为(42±4) ka B.P.、(71±5) ka B.P.、(121±12) ka B.P.、(210±20) ka B.P.和(602±60) ka B.P.。根据测年结果,确认剖面为河流相沉积环境,形成时代对应中晚更新世酒泉砾岩和戈壁砾岩时期,表明大通河河流阶地在542~662 ka B.P.之前就已经形成,推测其可能是受到中新世白杨河组之后的盆山运动或早更新世祁连山的褶皱变形影响而形成的。利用测年数据计算抬升速率,从中更新世晚期到晚更新世中期,抬升速率加快,反映了大通河流域的构造运动和气候变化加强,祁连山江仓地区在此期间快速隆升,为青藏高原东北缘以面积和体积扩张的观点提供了新的依据。  相似文献   

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the Neogene coral reefs,Xisha Islands,South China Sea: implications for tectonic evolution     

《China Geology》2018,1(1):49-60

The Xisha Block is a minor one in the South China Sea and an important tectonic unit in the northwestern part of the region. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages for three volcanic intrusive core samples from Xike-1, an exploratory well penetrating the bioherms of the Xisha Islands. The core samples are from the Miocene reef carbonate bedrock and are recognized as dark-gray biotite-hornblende gabbro, gray fine-grained biotite diorite, and gray fine-grained granite, respectively. Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images and trace Th, U and Pb compositions of the zircons show that these rocks are of volcanic intrusive origin. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating yielded six groups of ages, ranging from 2451-1857 Ma to early Cretaceous, which indicate that the formation and evolution of the Xisha Block was affected by the evolution and closure of Neotethys Ocean, probably within its eastern extension into South China Sea. Both old, deep-sourced material, including fragments from Rodina supercontinent, and recent mantle-derived magma products contributed to the emergence and formation of the Xisha block. The SHRIMP U-Pb results also proved that this process differed from that of the Kontum massif, the Hainan Block, and the South China Block, but is similar to that of the Nansha and Zhongsha blocks. The process was associated with the effects of Yanshanian magmatism induced by subduction mechanisms of the Paleo-Pacific Plate or the reworking of the multiple magmatisms since the Early to mid-Yanshanian, possibly jointly experienced by the Xisha-Zhongsha-Nansha Block.  相似文献   

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的构造抬升事件   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李理  钟大赉 《岩石学报》2018,34(2):483-494

对采自渤海湾盆地东南部济阳坳陷的碎屑岩进行测年研究,目的是通过碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄揭示源区及其抬升剥露史和构造热事件,为华北克拉通构造演化特别是元古宙构造演化提供新的热年代学约束。14件上白垩统-上新统砂岩/粉砂岩岩心样品测年结果显示,锆石裂变径迹年龄分布在308±35Ma~145±19Ma之间,且所有单颗粒锆石径迹年龄均大于其沉积年龄,表明这些锆石为碎屑锆石。除1件样品外,其余13件样品的单颗粒年龄的,可以用来识别源区及其构造抬升。未通过χ2检验的锆石二项式最佳拟合峰值年龄集中分为9组:P1(1187Ma)、P2(720~548Ma)、P3(526Ma)、P4(330~319Ma)、P5(296~274Ma)、P6(213~201Ma)、P7(195~177Ma、162Ma)、P8(134~102Ma)和P9(94Ma),加上通过χ2检验的三叠纪(230Ma),指示源区中元古代-晚白垩世经历的9期构造抬升/岩浆活动。它们分别是发生在中元古代的芹峪运动、新元古代的构造抬升(约720~575Ma)、~548Ma的蓟县运动;古生代~526Ma早寒武世末构造运动、海西期构造抬升;晚三叠世印支期挤压构造抬升、早-中侏罗世印支期弱挤压抬升、早白垩世燕山期强烈岩浆活动及晚白垩世燕山晚期的抬升。华北克拉通北缘、克拉通内部古陆和盆地内部是渤海湾盆地上白垩统-上新统的主要物源区,古生代以来剥露速率逐渐增大,古生代、三叠纪、早-中侏罗世和白垩纪分别为0.020~0.033mm/y,0.033~0.042mm/y,0.034~0.049mm/y和0.041~0.097mm/y,反映源区白垩纪构造/岩浆活动最强烈。锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的中元古代-晚白垩世构造运动对探讨华北克拉通的构造演化特别是元古宙的演化提供了年代学证据,综合分析推断华北克拉通可能参与了Rodinia超大陆的形成与裂解。  相似文献   

华北板块南缘伏牛山花岗岩锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、Lu-Hf同位素特征及岩石成因     

张昕  吴才来  陈红杰  王楠 《岩石学报》2018,34(5):1517-1538

伏牛山花岗岩体出露于华北板块南缘,南召县城以北,面积超过4200km~2。岩体的岩石组合为花岗岩+花岗闪长岩+石英闪长岩,具有I型花岗岩的特征。花岗岩锆石的LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年得到145.4±1.0Ma和118.5±0.6Ma,说明岩体形成于燕山期,并经历了至少两期岩浆活动。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,第一期花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为-16.53,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为2216Ma,表明其源岩以壳源物质为主;第二期花岗岩的源岩分为两个部分,一部分花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为-13.67,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为2044Ma,表明其源岩以壳源物质为主,另一部分花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)平均值为1.61,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))平均为1073Ma,表明其源岩以新生地壳为主。根据研究结果及区域地质构造分析,认为第一期岩浆作用是由于太平洋板块俯冲导致秦岭造山带断裂构造再活动,发生部分熔融形成小规模的岩浆作用;而第二期岩浆作用是由于太平洋板块俯冲导致岩石圈拆沉,使地幔软流圈的物质上升,形成巨大的热场,引起大陆地壳大规模的部分熔融形成花岗岩浆。最终形成的花岗岩浆沿着华北板块与扬子板块之间的断裂上侵至地壳浅处,形成了伏牛山复式岩体。  相似文献   

福贡地区石炭系地层可能属于拉萨地块:来自碎屑锆石年龄谱的指示   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

信迪  杨天南  薛传东  廖程  韩雪  梁明娟  李晓天 《岩石学报》2018,34(5):1335-1346

欧亚与印度大陆的碰撞使得印度大陆的北东角强烈挤入欧亚大陆内部,形成东构造结,其引发的强烈变形将南羌塘地块、北羌塘地块、拉萨地块、保山地块、兰坪-思茅地块以及地块之间的缝合带挤压于很窄的范围内,造成青藏高原腹地与其东南缘之间构造单元划分、对比困难。滇西福贡地区位于青藏高原东南缘,东构造结影响范围内,是三江造山带及青藏高原相关地块的汇聚处。福贡地区石炭系岩石组合表明其形成于较为稳定的浅海相沉积环境中,具有被动大陆边缘沉积特征。三件石炭系二云母石英片岩碎屑锆石表面年龄数据(194个有效分析点)形成五个主要年龄区间:2550~2400Ma、1800~1550Ma、1200~1080Ma、1000~850Ma和600~480Ma,峰值分别为~2502Ma、~1724Ma、~1120Ma、~886Ma和~512Ma。对比其他地块同时代地层的碎屑锆石年龄谱表明,福贡地区石炭系可能是拉萨地块的一部分,与腾冲地块一样,属于其南延部分。结合中新生代岩浆岩带的构造连续性,我们认为,印度板块东北角向北、北东方向的强烈挤压导致拉萨地块及冈底斯岩浆岩带弯曲、缩颈、并发生分离与旋转。  相似文献